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Until September 2006, has developed six different designs based on the SSP FPSO storage capacity (see Table 1). Of capacity to 300,000 bbl SSP 300 FPSO hull with a diameter of 60 m, up to 2 million bbl capacity for 2000 SSP FPSO. The largest capacity is achieved with a diameter of 106 meters of the stomach.

The operation to unload oil tankers carried out through two stations in the CNS, each of which is 180o to one another and away from the unit of accommodation. The station is designed as a type of roll (reel type station) which has a hose reel on the side a little oil. Tests have been conducted in Marintek with a conventional tanker model without dynamic positioning (DP). Dynamic positioning (DP) is a system used by the guard position in units of the floating structure with the main tool of driving tool (thrusters) which operated dynamically controlled to counterbalance the force of wind, waves and currents. The goal is to keep the floating unit to stay on the predefined position.

Test results showed that the yaw motion is relatively small tankers for movement in the direction of the central nervous system and Sway surge was much smaller than the floating-body-building the ship. These conditions will minimize the chances of interaction between the two spacecraft floating (CNS and tanker) operations take place during the charge transfer (offloading), thus increasing operational safety.

SSP Unit Drilling
SSP is applied to drilling operations designed to be able to operate in an environment with malignant, for example to the North Sea region with a large operational wave or in the event of a storm.

Development of the stomach to the unit conducted its first drilling in the summer of 2006 at the shipyard Hantong, China. Equipment units planned for completion rig is installed and ready for drilling operations in the first half of 2009. Similarly, for the production of gastric CNS fourth pavilion, the construction contract has been made in the same place. Hantong scheduled contracts with valid until the end of 2012, allowing for the construction of nine units of the next CNS, including drilling units and FPSO units.

- Capacity SSP drilling units:
With a load capacity of a large deck, SSP drilling unit capable of storing up to 12,500 ft. Riser, SSP project manager said drilling units, Bjørn Egil Gustavsen. Also designed SSP reservoir has a capacity of mud and Bentonite and Barite storage in large volume, the capacity of the crane lifter eminence and has motion compensator system. To provide station-keeping system that efficiently use DP-3 (DP-3 is a dynamic positioning system which is a class 3 the highest class, a proven ability to predatory aquatic environment, for example in testing in the extreme eastern Canada).

SSP unit has storage capacity for oil and low-wear materials are large compared with the drillship or semisubmersible activities so as to minimize the supply and remote operating facilities. If necessary, SSP is able to accommodate the oil in the stomach to 200,000 bbl.

The combination of good movement skills and deck load capacity and large storage capacity, making the SSP is very suitable for drilling operations in the violent waters. SSP driling unit has a high stability reserve, meaning more heavy equipment that can be placed in higher positions than the semisubmersible. For North Sea conditions the unit is capable of operating at a significant wave height up to 8m (equivalent to the wave peak to 14.8 m).

- Environmentally safe operation:
According to Sevan Marine, SSP design is also environmentally friendly and safe in operation. This is due to meet the regulations for the entire region with environmentally sensitive operations. Disposal system is a closed type with zero exhaust system equipped with waste management and use low-emission engines. To ensure the safety of operating reserves used high stability and construction of double hull and foundation. Internal storage capacity allows CNS melakukaan further testing of wells required for areas with environmentally sensitive operations such as in the Barents Sea.

In the design of two deck cranes are used to ensure the safety of surgical removal, in which pipes handling is done automatically. Pengboran operations automation level also increased to a high level. There is also a single crane for offline activities. For example handling drillpipe or casing can be done separately, while the drilling operation is in progress. Derek was also able to move Riser hinggga 11 m away from the center of drilling, so the Christmas tree can be installed without pulling Riser. Thus more speed drilling operations.

Even in anticipation of drilling operations in the polar regions, SSP design has been prepared for the winter and all the sensitive equipment specially protected. Steel construction designed to withstand the temperature-200C, including in the Barents Sea.

Closing
That the current pace with Brazil’s oil and gas self-sufficiency programs that target will be achieved in 2010. In that year the oil production is projected to reach 2.3 MMB / d. In order to realize the project, Petrobras initiated 13 major projects. Beyond that, this time eight production units are under construction. SSP Piranema FPSO is to be one of them. Seven other platforms is P-34 (Jubarte), FPSO Cidade de Vitoria (Golfinho module 2), P-52 (Rancodor), P-53 (Marlim Leste), P-51 (Marlim Sul), FPSO Rio de Janeiro (Espadarte ) and P-54 (Rancodor).

While in the year 2006, the unit will be installed and operated a P-45 in the Jubarte field (Campos Basin) with a production capacity of 60 thousand bl / d, the SSP-300 in the fields Piranema (in Sergipe) with production of 20 thousand bl / d and Golfinho Phase 1 unit with a daily production of 100 thousand barrels will be installed in the fields Golfinho (Espirito Santo Basin).

Thus, Brazil Piranema fields would become a witness proving the design concept of CNS performance, especially for the SSP-300 FPSO as premiere products, as has been claimed by the disainernya as described above. Well this is also as we are all waiting for a strong determination, Brazil, with great ideals of oil and gas industry. Could they be realized? Well, we’ll see, while waiting for great efforts and noble of the Pertamina oil and gas industry for our beloved Indonesia.

Basically SSP concept has broad applications, ranging from large units to the sea-in to a smaller size for the production of small fields in shallow water. Besides its main designation as an FPSO and drilling units, is the concept of SSP offers a flexible solution for various purposes. Besides can be used as a FPSO-management function for the waters are deep, CNS can also be applied for example, as a storage unit in shallow water with Riser in large numbers in combination with fixed production platforms.

The basic principle of design of SSP is based on the principles of ship construction standards by eliminating the front and the stern. In the meantime the cargo compartment maintained and modified to become a round hull form. Forming a compact design with a simple integration between the stomach and upper buildings. For application FPSO, turret and swivel components commonly used in the FPSO vessel body, replaced with a system tambat scatterplot. The process of fabrication of panels and structural blocks can be done with the standard structural elements are relatively small. With an easy character in that cause CNS development can be constructed in many public docks with standard facilities.

Hull form with symmetry level is very high (due to cylindrical) in CNS structures concept is supported by the module formation. This hull is composed of eight types of construction, so the module building process is very profitable. Where is the efficiency factor in the development of the system modules will be found growing along with the progress of the work stage. Given this fact, coupled with no need for piping and wiring in the tank, the more detailed design simplifies the process, and ultimately will lower the overall cost konstruktsi.

Sevan Marine is currently focusing on two types of CNS applications, namely as a floating production platforms and drilling rigs. The first SSP unit, SSP Piranema built in Yantai Raffles shipyard in China. In the second quarter of 2006 has been sent to shipyards Keppel Verolme in Rotterdam, the Netherlands and is currently being conducted enchaining peralaran and processing facilities on top. SSP Piranema is planned to be installed in the field Piranema Brazil at the end of 2006 for the period during the 11-year contract with Petrobras.

Two other central nervous system, is currently also under construction at Yantai Raffles shipyard. The second SSP will be installed at the Chestnut oil field central North Sea area in mid-2007 under contract for 2.5 years (with possibility of extension) with Venture Production. SSP was scheduled to be released third of the shipyards in the second quarter of 2007. Meanwhile, for the fourth SSP SSP 300 FPSO, the stomach will also be built in China in the dock Hantong. Shipping SSP 300 from shipyards are expected to be in the second half of 2008.

SSP FPSO units
Has so far developed two types of the SSP SSP FPSO (Floating Produksion, storage and offloading) and the CNS Drilling Unit. SSP FPSO used as a floating unit for the production and storage of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon exploitation results are stored in a tank-rod at the top of the stomach and the next bridge to the mainland to be transported by tankers or through sea pipeline system.

In FPSO hull include systems equipped with machinery, electric generators, transformers, electric modules, fire control systems, pumps and pump back the charge. Power modules deliver power to the system of additional machinery in the pavilion. While the main component at the top of the deck (deck) is a dwelling unit is equipped with a crew of control room, workshops, vesel-vesel safety, helipad, cranes, cranes, loading and unloading systems for oil and anchor pulley system.

SSP FPSO also has a hydrocarbon processing unit mounted on the deck. Module and the specification of these processing units can vary depending on the characteristics of hydrocarbons to be processed, there is a module allowing the processing of oil, gas and / or water. Oil-processing module has a production capacity ranging from 10,000 to 200,000 bbls.

At the bottom of CNS structures, there is a box that serves bilga reduce vertical and angular motion of CNS. This can happen because the box can enlarge bilga added mass hidrodinamis (hydrodynamic added mass) and increase the damping CNS structures.

Motion Characteristics of SSP
Hidrodinamis motion and behavior of the CNS has been intensively tested in the test pond Marintek in Trondheim, Norway. Angular and vertical motion of good has been successfully verified. In these tests the simulated ocean conditions is to represent the waters of the North Sea and Brazil which have multidirectional wave conditions with the environmental burdens of extreme. Both scenarios are tested up to 100-year wave condition.

Basically, the outside structure characteristics will also affect the behavior of the motion. With a cylindrical body shape and bilge keel damping the movement to make SSP a fine day movement in heave and roll. The characteristics of this motion is very important, very influential, especially during drilling operations and production processes. And on the other side will also facilitate the process kontruksinya.

CNS in response to movement of a pitch or roll direction is very small. This angular movement is particularly associated with the operational efficiency of a processing unit which in the event of excessive motion on the spacecraft Roling apungnya, the hydrocarbon processing operation may be suspended. Roling large motion can also cause fatigue cracks in structures such as pole length gas burners and a large turret bearings. When Riser mounted in a position far from the geometric center of the vehicle unit apungnya (CNS), the motion Roling will also increase the vertical motion of risernya. Riser installation configuration like that used on the rigs and FPSO Semisubmersible type lace-tambat conventional scatterplot. In the FPSO turret with tambat system, the excess angular motion can cause a high voltage at the point of suspension of the Riser.

The performance of the heave motion response exceeded even CNS Semisubmersible types that can be applied to the spectrum of the broad sea conditions. This heave motion response becomes an important consideration associated with fatigue type steel catenary Riser (Steel Catenary Riser/ SCR) for this type of Riser very sensitive to high frequency heave motion. SSP model tests indicate, with designs bilga appropriate boxes, then the SSP motion is in the range of motion needed to prevent fatigue SCR. Characteristics of a very good motion possessed by the CNS not only would increase efficiency and age-processing unit Riser, but also will increase the level of overall operational security.

Comparison with several similar types
With the structural profile and the performance of motion as described above, the SSP capable of displaying both its own merits as drilling rigs and in its function as an FPSO. Some of the advantages that can be achieved by the design of SSP compared with two types of other offshore structures, the drillship and semisubmersible (Fig. 3) can be summarized as follows:

- Drill Ship:
Drill ship or boat is a ship-shaped floating structure that serves to conventional drilling and completion process of oil wells. Drilling equipment on board allows for a well drilling operations, protecting the well pipe (casing) and the installation of underwater xmas tree.

In operation, the ship-shaped bodies are so few things to note on performansinya include: (1) deflection that occurs in a significant hull, (2) interaction forces between the hull and pengeborannya module, (3) elements structural elements susceptible to fatigue (fatigue), (4) lower pool area moom structural integrity of the stomach, (5) on the front and rear section of the ship contains many intricate details of structures, (6) construction of the structure requires full penetrated weld welding and NDT intensive in critical areas, and (7) requires the system wiring and pipes that long.

- Semisubmersible:
Is a unit with a floating deck system supported by columns (vertical structural elements) and pontoons (horizontal structural elements) that allow more flexible response, and independent of wave motion characteristics of a good response.

With such a configuration structure, some important notes on performansinya include the following: (1) on the deck structure, pontoon, columns and elements of its branches (bracings) occurs across the force and torque, (2) equipment layout elements are integrated in – structural elements such as the deck box, the column and pontoon, (3) the details of local connections are vulnerable to high voltage and fatigue, (4) required a high strength steel (high tensile steel) to reduce the weight of the structure, (5) construction of the structure requires types of full penetrated weld welding and special welding procedures and (6) there is the air gap between surface water and the deck to allow the waves on the deck structure (slamming).

Figure 3. Comparative performance of three types of offshore structures floating, (A) drillship, (B) semisubmersible, and (3) Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP), (source: www.sevanmarine.com).

- Sevan Stabilized Platform (SSP):
Meanwhile for the CNS, other than performance which was described above, a few things that provide advantages over the previous two types of structures are: (1) deflection that occurs at the deck structure is not significant because the form of a more compact structure, (2) the drilling module supported the structure of the stomach to form a limited integration and compact, not much connecting structural elements required, (3) detailed the structure and the elements much the same, so easy in reproduction, (4) construction of steel structure and requires only ordinary welding procedures, (5 ) most only use welding corner (fillet weld), (6) structure of the building above (topsides) with a compact module system and (7) does not require wiring system and the pipes are long.

Thus the “new player” in the market for offshore structures will soon come to enliven the world stage oil and gas mining, particularly for marine applications-in. Still need time to prove it works on the show “old players” who was well known as type TLP, Spar or FPSO vessel conventional body (ship-shaped FPSO).

We will be described two main characteristics of this type of structure that makes CNS differs from other types in its class, as well as the main performance characteristics. First in terms of its structural characteristics and the second, the motion characteristics during operation. One also described several advantages compared with the type of CNS Drill Ship and Semisubmersible.

Background
The emergence of this concept is based on the general condition that the cost of producing oil or natural gas using facilities offshore will rise sharply in line with the increasing depth of water operations. So to ensure the profitability of a farm-in the sea (deepwater) or even highly-sea fields in the (ultra-deepwater), the trend is happening right now is to increase the size and number of processing units that use riser on the offshore rigs. As a result required a unit of a large floating structures that can support large loads with the deck area and large storage capacity too.

By increasing the size of structural units, on the one side was able to overcome the problems above, but on the other hand new problems arise. In addition to swelling due to increased costs of steel and heavy equipment, a structure that will complocating large-scale problems in the design of new and require new technology to handle it. Because the technology for handling small sturktur structure, not necessarily be directly applied to large structures. These changes in turn will increase the risk. In addition, the size of a large structure consequential to the limited availability of shipyard (Shipyard) the builder, which is quite capable, for example hull for delivery on time-after-construction development costs within budget.

To answer the above question, then offered a new concept of floating structures that can provide the width of the deck and load carrying capacity is greater. In addition, a new type of structure is claimed would have cost manufacture a cheaper, but has a large storage capacity and have a good motion characteristics. Also that the main factors which contributed to minimize these costs include the central nervous system development lies in two things. That is, because the cylindrical shape of the stomach, causing the structure to be equal in all directions (omni-directionality) in the receiving environmental forces, as well as the nature of the design based on modules (modular design).

Structural characteristics of CNS
The concept of structure of oil production platforms with a single gastric-(mono-hull) that operate at sea-deep and large production capacity, eg for the case of FPSO structures body-ship (Ship-shaped FPSO), has been recognized as a cost option is cheaper. In this context it is when compared to other structures such as the concept Semisumersible, TLP and Spar.

FPSO has been used extensively throughout the world and already has enough establis technology. Has proven that with the addition of turret and swivel system, FPSO will have a high reliability to operate in a more violent waters. For applications in the waters a little more moderate, then the system is used tambat scattered (spread-mooring) conventional course. Among the advantages FPSO is a large storage capacity and the load deck height units. But shortcomings, conventional FPSO is characterized sensitive to the direction of the wave, even if only for moderate gelobang conditions.

SSP concept is basically the structure with a single gastric-round and stability based on the same principle with other floating structures. In contrast to the Spar which also has a cylindrical hull, hull CNS diameter larger than the height dimension for full (draft) operations are usually less than 1 / 3 diameter. A circular cross-section hull structures have allowed prisoners to hidrodinamis the same in all directions when hit by waves. So in this case SSP does not require additional systems such as turret and swivel body on FPSO type ships. With this condition also can save money later fabrication and maintenance.

Dimensional characteristics of the CNS is the diameter. This makes it a module-based design, which will be the diameter defining the dimensions of the pavilion. Currently Sevan Marine has designed the CNS to 3 based on the size of its oil storage capacity.

CNS Stability with ship-shaped floating structure like in general. Expansion of water (water plane area) a great cause high stability and therefore have the load capacity of a large deck. Deck load capacity of its units reached 15,000 metric tons. As for Semisubmersible last generation capacity of only 50% of it is about 7500 metric tons. SSP capabilities equal-sea drillship with a capacity in metric tons 15000-20000. Although the available deck area is large enough, but if necessary can be combined with cantilever deck so that all activities can be carried out on the deck. As for cargo, ballast material (ballast) and the supply of liquid placed in the stomach, in order to enhance operational safety. Tank layout which makes the position of ballast tanks around the outside of the hull, so the configuration becomes CNS-double (double hull).

Form a symmetrical CNS provides its own benefits. Access throughout the tanks, including ballast tanks and cargo tank can be done from a central compartment. Access system for water and oil can be made through a ring-shaped main lines. Each tank does not require piping systems, thus significantly simplifies the process of design, construction and operations. Instead estimated CNS requires only about 30% of the normal piping systems typically used in conventional FPSO. Can imagine how much savings could be done. And also, with a compact design, the number of cable needs by itself can be decreased.

CNS with a double hull is designed to maximize security, operational security both for environment and security. Cargo tanks are protected by ballast tanks so that in the event of a leak, the material does not charge directly into the sea. Besides that, structurally, double-hull construction has an important role in increasing the overall structural rigidity, in addition to contributions from topside structure and its central shaft that is connected through the main screen vertically (vertical bulkhead) and freshen elements horizontal.

Although offshore rig can drill down to the sea floor to search for minerals, technology and economics of underwater mines can not be done commercially. Therefore, the term “rig” refers to the collection of equipment used for drilling on the surface of the Earth’s crust to sample the oil, water, or mineral.

Drilling rig for oil and gas can be used not only to identify the geological nature of the reservoir, but also to create a hole that allowed the womb making oil or gas from these reservoirs.

Drilling rig can be sized:
* Small and easy to move, as used in mineral exploration drilling
* Large, capable of drilling through thousands of feet into the Earth’s crust. Large mud pump used to circulate drilling mud through the drill and casing (casing), to cool and take “the land that was interrupted” for wells drilled.

Pulley on the rig can lift hundreds of tons of pipe. Other equipment can encourage acid or sand into the reservoir to take samples and mineral oil; accommodation for the crew that could run into the hundreds. Offshore rig can operate hundreds to thousands of miles from shore.